ABSTRACT
Consumers, regulators, government institutions, and the media are all directly affected by globalization. Globalization is a recognized economic phenomenon that is often seen as a catalyst for national economic growth and development. The economy, politics, and society have become more intertwined in the last two decades. A trend in one part of the world quickly influences development in other parts. The COVID-19 epidemic is an excellent example of this interdependence. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature which deals with the study of composite indices measuring globalization and its impact. This is accomplished by collecting and classifying 65 peer-reviewed publications, primarily from Scopus, Web of Science, and Science Direct, and augmented by a search of existing databases and bibliographies. This review elaborates on the six widely cited globalization indexes. The study will contribute to existing literature and theories by documenting and comparing currently used composite indices. Findings show that despite its shortcomings, the KOFGI is the most popular index with sixty three percent of globalization studies citing it followed by ATK/FP as second most cited index.
ABSTRACT
Since the industrial revolution, the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) has been steadily increasing. Notably, China emitted 27% of the world's GHGs in 2019, making it the world's most significant contributor to climate degradation. The key objectives of this investigation are to ascertain the N-shaped association between CO2 emissions and economic growth in the presence of energy use and domestic government health expenditures. Besides, the research inspected the role of the Belt and Road Initiative through economic globalization in China. The study utilized the Autoregressive Distributed Lag model and found that N-shaped EKC exists in China. Furthermore, the study discovered that economic globalization improves ecological excellence in the short run. Nonetheless, energy consumption and health expenditures considerably amplify the intensity of CO2 emanation in China in the long run. The research suggested that installing green industry through economic globalization can imperatively lessen environmental degradation. Moreover, installing technological firms will be more beneficial in the long run to overcome environmental degradation rather than importing from other countries. The study elaborated momentous causation effects among the study variables through the Granger causality test.
ABSTRACT
Economic globalization, the primary mechanism of globalization, has driven the flourishing of international tourism. However, little research has empirically revealed how it affects international tourism from a structural perspective. Based on network theory, this study applies network analysis and fixed-effects panel data estimation techniques to examine the impact of economic globalization on the structure of international tourism and the moderating role of uncertainty avoidance as an inertia factor in this relationship. The statistics are derived from panel data for 47 countries from 1995 to 2018. The empirical results indicate that there is a positive relationship between economic globalization and countries' network prominence in both outbound and inbound tourism, and the effects vary under different degrees of uncertainty avoidance. This study offers insights and practical implications for policymakers, tourism marketers, and transnational tourism corporations to formulate tourism recovery strategies against the de-globalization caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Journal of Travel Research is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
ABSTRACT
【Objective】The deepening of economic globalization has made trade relations between countries closer. To a certain extent, the speed and breadth of the spread of crises, such as political and economic crises in the trade network has increased. Clarifying the global log trade network structure and the path of crisis propagation can help countries avoid trade risks and optimize the log trade structure.【Method】This paper used social network analysis method and bootstrap percolation model to analyze the structural characteristics of the global log trade network in 2018 from the perspective of the whole⁃part⁃individual, and then simulated the impact of the global log trade network when countries experience trade crises under different scenarios.【Result】Results show that the global log trade network is loose as a whole while close for some parts with there being differences in the centrality of different countries. The “grouping” phenomenon for core countries makes the “club” effect in the network relatively pronounced. The impact of trade crises in different countries in the network can generally be divided into four categories, namely “fast and wide”, “fast and narrow”, “slow and wide”, and “slow and narrow”. Log import⁃dependent and export⁃dependent countries have different characteristics in terms of crisis transmission, and log important⁃dependent countries show a strong crisis influence. The influence of a country’s crisis depends on the country’s network structure and its trade structure. A bootstrap percolation model can effectively simulate the process of crisis propagation in the log trade network, with an approximately similar crisis propagation process. Meanwhile, the degree of influence on the network is different under different thresholds. A country with a higher dependence on trade is more likely to be affected by the crisis. 【 Conclusion】 For this reason, countries should focus on building more stable trade relations from an overall perspective, and continuously reduce the log trade dependence on a single country to diversify risks and optimize the global log trading network. © 2022 Nanjing Forestry University.
ABSTRACT
Globalization has run into two intersected momentous shifts over the past decade. One is an accelerating retreat in the Western-led economic globalization. The other is the continued surge of China as a leader of alternative economic globalization, via the Belt and Road Initiative. These two powerful trends are complicated by COVID-19 and the Ukraine war with their disruptions of global geopolitics, plus a potential technological decoupling between China and the United States as great-power rivals. This unprecedented combination of challenges and crises occasions a fresh analysis of the roles of the West versus China in shaping economic globalization past and present. Against the state-centric approach to globalization, I develop a historically-informed framework to couple spatial and sectoral analyses of the trajectories of economic globalization shaped by the West and China. I first examine the cross-regional dimensions of economic globalization across Eurasia featuring China's primary role in driving the China-Europe Freight Train. I then explore China's exceptional strength in delivering overseas infrastructure projects, as embodied by the China-Laos Railway, relative to the West's sectoral advantages bearing on economic globalization. Lastly, I summarily discuss the past and present roles of the West versus China in producing new divergence in future economic globalization.
ABSTRACT
Economic globalization, the primary mechanism of globalization, has driven the flourishing of international tourism. However, little research has empirically revealed how it affects international tourism from a structural perspective. Based on network theory, this study applies network analysis and fixed-effects panel data estimation techniques to examine the impact of economic globalization on the structure of international tourism and the moderating role of uncertainty avoidance as an inertia factor in this relationship. The statistics are derived from panel data for 47 countries from 1995 to 2018. The empirical results indicate that there is a positive relationship between economic globalization and countries' network prominence in both outbound and inbound tourism, and the effects vary under different degrees of uncertainty avoidance. This study offers insights and practical implications for policymakers, tourism marketers, and transnational tourism corporations to formulate tourism recovery strategies against the de-globalization caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.
ABSTRACT
China has resorted to electric vehicles to tackle the Greenhouse gas emissions engendered through the transport sector. Despite the coronavirus pandemic in 2020, electric vehicle sales in China were 1.3 million, which accounts for an increment of 8% in comparison with 2019. It will attain a peak point in 2030, causing an incredible increase in electricity usage. Hence, this increase has sparked a new debate among energy management and environmental economics scholars, as China produces 65% of its electricity through coal. The on-hand investigation revealed the imperative impact of lithium production, electricity usage, and economic globalization on the carbon footprints calculated in China. Moreover, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) is also tested in this framework. The study found the imperious role of electricity usage and economic globalization in Greenhouse gas emissions in China. However, lithium production reported weak and inconsequential findings. Detailed policy inferences and long-term policy implications are discussed in the discussion and conclusion section, respectively.
ABSTRACT
While significant, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on economic globalization and regional integration is temporary. The same objective factors that existed before the pandemic will determine integration trends in the future. The key role belongs to scientific and technical progress, and the effect of the pandemic was rather on the stimulating side here. Research in the field of medicine accelerated, online mode is already all-pervading and digitalization tends to become ubiquitous. The crisis has brought closer the onset of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, which is expected to open the next stage of globalization, entailing shifts in the structure and dynamics of world production and trade. It can be assumed that new technologies will contribute to the development of the organization of global value chains (GVC), one of the main drivers of economic globalization and regional integration. Probable changes in the way of life and the corresponding shifts in consumption patterns in favor of services will also contribute to modifications in the structure of GVCs. Apparently, we should expect an increase in the processes of glocalization, which can be briefly defined as globalization with local specifics. COVID-19, which has caused disruptions in supply chains, has strengthened the course of self-reliance in the economic policy of some countries. The inconsistency between the method used by governments (protectionism) and the driving forces of the phenomenon that they are trying to resist (scientific and technological progress) leads to losses in productivity and competitiveness. It is necessary to distinguish between re-industrialization, stimulated by artificial methods, from re-industrialization, which has objective reasons and corresponds to the evolution of the world economy. The latter is not equivalent either to the return of previously exported production facilities or to the re-creation of the “pre-globalization” economic structure and cannot be regarded as a manifestation of de-globalization tendencies. The world realized the need to strengthen international cooperation and develop measures aimed at joint preparation and a coordinated response to possible new threats. Outbreaks of protectionism prove to be temporary. The long-term trend towards international trade liberalization will continue. © 2022.
ABSTRACT
Developing countries will be home to 85% of the world's population by 2030. Hence, it is important to ensure food security for them. This effort is not easy, as the number of undernourished people (NUP) in the world has increased. We investigated the impact of food and non-production factors on the NUP in developing countries. This study employed secondary data from 57 developing countries between 2002 and 2018. These countries come from three regions, namely Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. One-step and two-step generalized method of moments (sys-GMM) models were used to analyze the data. The findings showed that the food production index, cereal import dependency ratio, economic globalization index, and human capital index had different effects on the NUP in each region. The excellent news is that corruption control can help developing countries minimize their NUP. Based on the findings, we propose efforts to improve physical and economical food access and control corruption, and developing country governments and the international community must demonstrate a strong commitment to reducing the prevalence of undernourishment.
ABSTRACT
From the perspective of economic geography, this paper studies the changing spatial pattern of world economy and China's role in different waves of economic globalization. Firstly, this study finds that the geographical pattern of world economy changes from "core-periphery" to "chain-reconfiguration", and to current "network-imbalance". Meanwhile the driving force of economic globalization shifts from "trade globalization" to "manufacturing globalization". At present, "multiple globalization" is involving into a new engine to driving the development of economic globalization. We then discuss that how China changes its role in economic globalization by changing modes of strategic coupling. We argue that the role transition of China breaks the traditional developing path which developed countries set for developing countries and theoretical spatial order put forward by classical industry gradient transfer, bringing new restructuring power and possibility for changing pattern of globalization. Finally, we discuss the impacts of COVID-19 pandemic on the development of economic globalization and the development trend of economic globalization in the post-pandemic era. Based on the analysis, we come up with some suggestions regarding to the potential development paths of China under the background of economic globalization. © 2022, Science Press. All right reserved.
ABSTRACT
Water resources are distributed in the form of virtual water through international trade, which influences the water supply and consumption of each country. Therefore, it is of significance to study the driving factors of grain virtual water trade to alleviate water stress and guarantee food security. In this paper, the virtual water volume of grain crops traded between China and countries along the Belt and Road (B&R) from 2000 to 2019 was calculated, and a gravity model using panel data was applied to explore the effect of natural and socioeconomic factors on virtual water trade. The virtual water export from B&R countries to China obviously increased in the twenty years and the contributions of various crops to virtual water were more balanced. The regression results indicate that GDP and exchange rate were positively correlated with virtual water inflow, while per capital water resources, arable land, geographic distance, and population were negative factors that hindered virtual water import. The most powerful driving force for grain virtual water trade is water endowment. GDP is an important driver on importing virtual water for countries without water shortage, and a large number of local water resources will not obviously inhibit the driving force of economic strength. By comparing the contribution of factors to virtual water in the past ten years, it can be found that the contribution rate of distance decreased due to the development of transportation industry which reduced the transportation cost of exporting products. The contribution rate of GDP and exchange rate increased, because economic globalization has promoted the effect of economic factors on grain trade. Therefore, the trade structure of agricultural products should be modified based on the characteristics of virtual water flow. For countries without high economic level but water shortage, export crops with high water consumption be reasonably controlled. [Display omitted] • A gravity model was applied to explore the effect of natural and socioeconomic factors on virtual water trade. • The most powerful driving force is water endowment, which were negative factor that hindered virtual water inflow. • Economic strength is an important driver on importing virtual water for countries without water shortage. • The contribution rate of distance decreased due to the development of transportation industry and economic globalization. [ FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Agricultural Water Management is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full . (Copyright applies to all s.)